Samples: Traditional index

Traditional index

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We recommend creating book indexes with an unbroken, unordered list, with a reference-index class.

This is the index from The Future of Ideas by Lawrence Lessig (CC BY NC).

access:
- competition in, 173
- granting of, 13–14, 20
access fees, 20, 138
adaptations, creative, 8
Adobe Corporation, 208
advertising, 7
“ah-ha” technologies, 130
AIM, in instant messaging, 27
AirPort technology, 81, 172, 224–25
ALGOL, 51
algorithms:
- patents on, 207–8
- peer-to-peer querying, 137
Allman, Eric, 56
altruism, 13
Amateur Radio Service (ARS), 225, 244
Amazon.com,132–33, 167, 169, 211
Amnesty International, 184
Andreessen, Marc, 265–66
Antheil, George, 79
anticircumvention program, 187–90
anticommons, 214–15
antitrust laws, 67, 110
AOL (America Online), 162–68
- access vs. control in, 163–66
- and competition, 167, 267
- and copyright law, 183
- early days of, 147–48, 162–63
- and Internet, 7, 163, 165
- Time Warner merger with, 7, 164–66, 267
- wires of, 163–64
Apache server, 55–56, 60, 69–70, 71
Apple Computer:
AirPort technology of, 81, 172, 224–225
- and DVD movies, 189
- GUI interface of, 63
- iMac computer of, 124
- Macintosh computers of, 27–28, 42, 63, 66
- Mac OS, 60–61, 63, 90–91
- and PC design, 159
- “rip, mix, burn” ad of, 9, 10, 11
- and unknown applications, 90–91
AppleScript language, 58
architecture:
- changes in, 140
- as choice, 37
- code of, 35, 113
- of communication systems, 112–14, 232–33
- control via, 34, 151, 176
- in cyberspace, 120–21, 140
- for distribution, 119
- freedom of, 35
- importance of, 35
- and innovation, 35–36, 92, 139, 140, 162
- of Internet, 7, 15, 16, 23, 35–37, 40, 44, 119, 135, 140, 210, 238, 264
- as physical constraint, 120
- politics of, 35
- of the Web, 169, 170
Armstrong, C. Michael, 154
ARS (Amateur Radio Service), 225, 244
artwork:
- code layer in, 111–12
- content layer in, 105–07
- control in, 107–10
- copyright law applied to, 3
- creativity in, 104–12, 200
- digital, 8–9
- physical layer in, 110–11
asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) systems, 149
AT&T:
- as Bell system, 27
- breakup of, 45, 53, 149
- cable of, 153–54, 164–65, 241
- in Canada, 164
- compensation system of, 30
- and competition, 28–29, 32–33, 37–38, 62, 158, 226
- in computing business, 53
- consent decree with government (1956), 51–52
- and FCC, 27, 30, 81, 221
- and foreign attachments rule, 30
- and Internet, 154
- Kingsbury Commitment of, 28–29
- and monopoly power, 28, 29, 30, 32, 148
- in open access movement, 164, 165
- permissible businesses of, 45
- shareholder obligations of, 32
- smart network of, 38
- and telephone system, 24, 26–34, 44, 62
- and Unix operating system, 51–52, 53
- and unknown applications, 90
@Home, 154, 158
Atkinson, Bill, 42
ATM (asynchronous transfer mode) systems, 149
auction sites, 169
audio changes, MP3, 123–24
Audio Home Recording Act, 181
Baby Bells, 149
backbone providers, 157
Bagdikian, Ben, 117
Baldwin, Carliss, 92
band managers, 221
bandwidth:
- broadening of, 229
- infinite, 47
- overuse of, 138
- pricing system for allocation of, 47
Bank, David, 66, 67
Bar, François 158–59
Baran, Paul, 26–27, 29–32, 33–34, 267
Batman Forever (film), 4
Beam-it, 129, 192
Behlendorf, Brian, 56
Bell companies:
- as Baby Bells, 149
- DSL used by, 155
- lines leased by, 45
- patents held by, 27
- regulated to be open, 155, 248
- regulation model for, 149
- services unbundled by, 149, 248
- see also AT&T
Bell Labs:
- innovations channeled through, 30
- innovative spirit of, 176
- inventions of, 29, 38
- and Unix operating system, 51–52
Bender, James, 182–83
Benkler, Yochai, layer concept of, 23–25, 103, 104, 113, 167, 238, 240
Berkeley Internet Name Domain (BIND), 56
Berlin, Irving, 107
Berners-Lee, Tim, 37, 40, 41–44, 134,166, 213
BestBookBuys, 169
Bezos, Jeff, 211
Bidder’s Edge, 169, 170–71
BIND (Berkeley Internet Name Domain), 56
Bingaman, Anne, 64
“Bluetooth” protocols, 81
Boies, David, 196
books:
- banning of, 184
- copyright protection of, 215
- HTML, 122–23, 196–99
- sales of, 211
Boston Common, 19, 21
bots:
- in copyright, 180–83
- spiders and, 169–71
Bradner, Scott, 89
Brief History of the Future, A (Naughton), 32
broadband:
- AOL and, 163–64
- cable, see also cable broadband
- in Canada, 249
- competition in, 173, 248
- control of ISPs in, 246
- emerging technology of, 159, 161, 175
- faster downstream than upstream, 159
- FCC and, 159, 164
- markets in, 159
- open access for, 164, 165, 168
broadcasting, see radio spectrum; television
Brotz, Douglas, 208
Brown, John Seely, 235–36
browsers, 41, 43, 134
BSD Unix, 53, 67
Buchanan, James, 214, 215
bugs, in code, 61
bundling behavior, 66
bureaucratization, 140–41
Burk, Dan, 170
Bush, Vannevar, 42
business methods:
- patents on, 207, 208–9, 210
- software-implemented, 208–9
cable broadband, 151–54, 166–68
- building control into, 156–58, 168
- and Communications Act, 155
- and competition, 161–62, 167
- and DOCSIS standard, 153–54
- and FCC, 151–52
- incentives to build, 174
- and Internet, 153–54, 155–58, 167
- and streaming video, 156–57, 158
- and TCP/IP, 248
- two-way communication on, 153–54
Cable Labs, 153
cable television:
- advertising on, 7
- broadcasts on, 111
- CATV, 151
- concentrated ownership of, 117, 159, 173
- creative rights in, 109
- development of, 151
- distribution of, 119
- as end-to-end system, 151
- incentives for, 151–52
- layers of, 24
- licensing of, 201
- monopoly control of, 152, 153
- pricing of, 153
- satellite TV and, 153
caches, 136–37
Canada:
- free TV in, 190–91
- open access in, 164, 192, 249
Carlton, Jim, 90–91
Carterfone decision, 148
CATV, 151
CBS, and spectrum allocation, 74
CDDB (culture databases), 124–26
censorware, 184, 186–87
CERN labs, 41, 42–44
Charmed Technologies, 81–82
children, protection of, 178–79, 184, 200
China Online, 191
chip fabricators, 70
Christensen, Clay, 89, 91, 92, 139–40, 146, 210
Cisco technologies, 156, 158
Clark, David, 34, 37, 38
Clark, Kim, 92
Coase, Ronald, 12, 75, 114, 126, 221
COBOL (programming language), 51
code:
- anticircumvention program and, 187–90
- bugs in, 61
- changes in, 140–41, 179
- commons of, 49–50, 53, 55, 57, 138
- compiled, 50, 253
- as content, 50
- content production in, 11, 53, 58–60, 67
- derived from open code, 55, 59, 60
- encryption cracked by, 190
- fair use of, 188, 190
- forking of, 52, 67–68
- hard-wired, 50–51
- hidden, 58
- incentives to build, 68–69, 71
- as law of cyberspace, 35
- licensing of, 59–60
- limits on, 256–57
- as logical layer, see also code layer
- nature of, 35–36, 50
- object, 50
- openness of, 52–54, 55–57, 59–60, 61, 67–69, 71–72, 210, 247, 253
- performative, 57–58
- source, 50, 60, 67, 72
code layer, 23–25
- in the arts, 111–12
- changes to, 246–49
- closing of, 217, 238
- in commerce, 112–14
- end-to-end at, 58
- innovation commons at, 85, 103, 138, 167, 175
- of Internet, 48, 49–50, 56, 138, 161
- neutral platforms of, 72, 246–49
- of the Web, 57, 85
Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace (Lessig), 35, 140, 179, 238
Cohen, Julie, 257
Cohen Theorem, 257
Cold War, 12, 13
command line interface, 62, 63
commerce:
- censorship in, 186–87
- changes in policy of, 165
- code layer in, 112–14
- competition in, 114–15
- creativity in, 112–19
- of the different, 112
- economics and, 115
- innovation in, 6, 10
- markets in, 114–15
- vertical integration in, 165–66
commercial radio, 74
commons, 19–23
- access fees for use of, 20, 138
- anticommons vs., 214–15
- built on control layer, 176
- of code, 49–50, 53, 55, 57, 138
- coexistence of open and closed, 93–94
- contributing back to, 97
- as default, 228–29
- determinants of, 21
- freedom of, 15
- as free resource, 19–21, 44, 69, 86–99
- idea of, 15
- innovation of, see also innovation commons
- inverse, 68
- of knowledge, 49, 55, 57–58
- market linked to, 138, 228
- norms for control of, 96
- peer-to-peer innovations in, 137–38
- rebuilding of, 255–56
- as resource for decentralized innovation, 85
- state intervention in, 228
- tragedy of, 22, 23, 48, 168
- undermining technology added to, 48
- value of, 87–88, 93, 173
Communications Act (1934), 74
- on “cable services” (Title VI), 155
- on telecommunications services (Title II), 155
Communications Decency Act (1996), 178–79
communications systems:
- architecture of, 112–14, 232–33
- on computers, 112–14
- layers of, 23–25
- organizational models for, 167
- security of, 26–34
- spectrum, see also spectrum
- two-way, 153–54
- wireless, 74–75
- wires of, 88
community:
- as built by noise, 133
- CATV, 151
- connectivity within, 80
- monopoly power over, 87, 216
- networks built by, 162
- on-line, 162–63
- overconsumption regulated by, 22
- relationship of resource to, 21
- spectrum of, 223–24
- town square in, 87
compensation without control, 201–2
compression technology, 123
compulsory licensing right, 109, 201, 255
CompuServe, 147–48
computer-communication systems, architecture of, 112–14
computers:
- ad hoc supercomputers, 136
- applications run on, 36–37, 88
- competition in field of, 27–28
- costs of, 113
- denial of service attack on, 169
- dominant companies in, 27
- early coding of, 50–51
- at edge vs. within networks, 34, 36–37
- IBM-compatible, 13, 62, 65, 159, 189
- icons of, 60–61
- incompatibility between, 41–42, 51
- Intel chip architecture in, 62, 63, 66
- Internet and, see also Internet
- Mac design, see also Apple Computer
- object code of, 50
- as physical layer, 23
- as property, 241
- software of, see also software
- wearable, 81–82
- Web and, see World Wide Web
Computer Telephony, 38
Congress, U.S.:
- and cable television, 151–53, 201
- and copyright law, 98, 196–99, 200, 201, 254
- First Amendment restrictions on, 187
- and indecent content, 178–79, 184
- influence of lobbyists on, 267
- and intellectual property, 187–88
- new technologies confronted by, 108–10, 190
- and patent law, 207, 259
- and phone company, 148
- rebuilding the creative commons, 255–56
- and recording industry, 201–2, 254
- and spectrum, 224, 255
connectivity, as Internet goal, 36
consent decree, 64
Constitution, U.S.:
- Copyright and Patent Clause in, 177, 197–98, 237
- Dormant Commerce Clause of, 114
- Exclusive Rights Clause of, 116
constraints:
- of architecture, 120
- on creativity, 7, 8, 11, 104, 202, 216
- on markets, 114–15
- in scarcity-based economy, 103
consumption vs. production, 13
content:
- code as, 50
- control of, 7, 107–8, 110, 156–58, 176, 179–80, 183, 248
- CSS, 189
- distribution of, 238
- dynamic, 137
- encryption of, 188–90
- exclusivity of, 128
- firewalls for blocking of, 172–73
- free, 20, 50, 106, 108, 110, 123, 177, 196, 256
- indecent, 178–79, 184, 199
- legal protection of, 10–11, 59, 183, 185, 250–59
- policy-based routing of, 156
- range of, 131
- as separate from medium, 166
- space-shifting of, 194
content layer, 23–25
- in the arts, 105–7
- changes in, 249–61
- closing of, 217, 238
- copyrights in, 250–59
- digital technology in, 23, 120–21
- free code at, 58, 72, 85
- freedom at, 50
- innovation at, 103
- patent law and, 259–61
- tension between freedom and control in, 177, 249
content scramble system (CSS), 189
contract law, 58–60, 97, 186, 257
control:
- architecture of, 34, 151, 176
- balance of freedom vs., 14–15, 97, 139
- compensation without, 201–2
- constitutional limits on, 105–6
- of content, 7, 107–8, 110, 156–58, 176, 179–80, 183, 248
- in creative process, 107–10
- in cyberspace, 237–38
- filtering as, 157
- as good, 13, 15, 86
- imposed via copyright, 180–217
- imposed via norms, 96, 146, 151
- imposed via technology, 96–97, 140
- increasing, 99
- by lawyers, 4, 11, 58–60
- local, of worldwide technologies, 192
- of networks, 150–51, 156–58
- perfect, 116, 217, 250
- pressure toward, 168
- private incentives for, 168, 174
- of property, 22, 170–71
- of resources, see also resources
- scarcity and, 47
- by state vs. market, 12, 14
- techniques of, 96
- trends toward, 249
- in vertical integration, 165–66
- via firewalls, 172–73
- of wires, 26, 147–76
Cook, Gordon, 267
copy protection system, 253
copyright law:
- as agent for control, 180–217
- aim of, 98
- anticircumvention program in, 187–90
- application of, 58
- in art industry, 3
- bots applied to, 180–83
- broad application of, 4–5
- censorship via, 184, 186–87
- commercial exploitation limited in, 258–59
- in Constitution, 177, 197–98, 237
- constraints of, 8
- content protected in, 10–11, 183, 185, 250–59
- contract law and, 58–60, 186
- contributory infringement under, 196
- control uncontrolled in, 183, 200
- for derivative works, 106–7, 123, 198–99
- DMCA, 187, 88, 190
- exceptions built into, 181
- expansion of, 98, 106–7, 110, 196–97, 216, 264
- fair use of, 105, 108, 181, 185, 188, 190, 195, 254
- false claims under, 256
- in film industry, 3–4, 11, 200
- and First Amendment, 198, 264
- foreigners excluded from, 106, 185, 190–91
- incentives provided by, 59, 98, 107, 197, 201
- intent of, 11, 187
- on the Internet, 98, 178–79, 190–92, 200, 216
- in music industry, 3, 192–94, 254–55
- narrow scope of, 8, 106–7
- noninfringing use under, 195–96
- old vs. new in, 202–5
- potential use under, 195–96, 200
- and site shutdowns, 183
- as state-backed monopoly, 250
- “thick” vs. “thin” protection in, 202–3
- time limits in, 106, 107, 188, 197, 251–52
- unenforceable violations of, 181, 182
- unlicensed uses in, 180–81
Corel Corporation, 262
Cox, Alan, 57
CPHack, 184–87, 188, 190
creation vs. discovery, 106
creativity:
- in adaptations, 8
- in the arts, 104–12, 200
- before the Internet, 8, 104–19
- centralization of, 44
- in commerce, 112–19
- constraints on, 7, 8, 11, 104, 202, 216
- control in process of, 107–10
- with digital tools, 9
- in filmmaking, 235
- free resources as basis of, 12–15, 44
- incentives for, 4, 21, 59, 109
- and innovation, 10
- intellectual property in, 203
- in the Internet, 6, 9, 14, 23, 76
- legal control of, 4, 58–60
- licensing and, 216
- new built on old in, 9, 13, 202, 204, 214
- potential for, 9–11
- rebuilding commons of, 255–56
- and subsidiarity, 121
- tangible forms of, 58
Crocker, Steve, 36
CSS (content scramble system), 189
culture, production of, 263–64
culture databases (CDDB), 124–26
CyberPatrol, 184–86
cyberspace:
- architecture in, 120–21, 140
- character of, 121
- code as law of, 35
- control in, 237–38
- as nonrivalrous, 116
- vs. real space, 103–4, 121, 181, 182
- world of ideas in, 116
dark fiber, 245
data:
- balance of power changed by, 128, 133
- and code layer, 138
- different classes of, 46–47
- real space costs of, 138
Davies, Donald, 31
DeCSS, 187–90
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), 242
Defense Communication Agency (DCA), 33–34
Defense Department, U.S., 27, 30, 32, 44, 79
democracy:
- blocked transactions in, 93
- centralization as opposed to, 112
- free resources in, 12–13, 92–93
derivative works, 8, 106–7, 123, 198–99
DES (digital encryption standard)-
encrypted message, 136
design evolution, 92
Devil’s Advocate, The (film), 4
Dickinson, Q. Todd, 210, 211
digital age, 14
Digital Research, 62
digital subscriber line (DSL), 154–55, 161–62, 248
digital technology:
- competition in, 201
- compulsory licensing rights to, 109
- in content layer, 23, 120–21
- for copying, 98
- falling costs of, 8, 235
- in film industry, 9, 235
- music processor, 8–9, 96
- potential of, 7, 9
- for telecommunications, 31
DirecTV, 153
discovery vs. creation, 106
discrimination, technologies for, 173
disk drive industry, 90
Disney Corporation, 234
distributed.net, 136
distributed processing, 136
distributed technology, 136
distribution:
- architecture for, 119
- of content, 238
- costs of, 7, 126, 138
- of media, 119, 234
- models of, 7
- of music, 119, 123–24, 127–29, 131, 200–202
- new means of, 126–29
DOCSIS standard, 153–54, 161–62
Dormant Commerce Clause, 114
DOS (disk operating system), 62–66
DR-DOS, 62, 63, 64, 65
DSL (digital subscriber line), 154–55, 161–62, 248
Dunkin’ Donuts, 182
DVD disks, 188–90, 256
Easterbrook, Frank, 186
eBay, 169–71
economics, and scarcity, 103, 115
Economist, The, 206
Edelman, Ben, 191
education, and filmmaking, 235–36
efficiency, 92 802.11b protocol, 81
Einstein, Albert, 12, 13, 14, 20, 21
Eldred, Eric, 122–23, 196–99, 202, 264, 265
Eldritch Press, 123
electricity grid, as end-to-end, 39
Electronic Frontier Foundation, 196
Emacs, 54
e-mail, 10
EMI Publishing, 183
encryption systems, 188–90
end-to-end (e2e) argument, 34–39, 88–89
- central control disabled in, 40, 167–68
- compromises to, 172–73
- consequences of, 41–44, 48, 58
- costs of, 46
- design choice of, 121
- on different layer, 45–46
- discrimination in, 173
- importance of, 91
- and innovation commons, 36–37, 40–41, 48, 58, 147, 156, 210, 238–39
- intelligence in, 149
- neutral network of, 58, 61, 161
Enlightenment, 94, 95
Epstein, Richard, 170
essential volunteerism, 56
Ethernet, 77–78, 231
European Union, 64
exclusivity, 116, 128
fair use:
- reverse engineering and, 185
- rights of, 105, 108, 181, 188, 190, 254
- VCR and, 195
Fanning, Shawn, 130
Fano, Robert, 42, 112–14
fat pipes, 151–53
Faulhaber, Gerald, 176
Federal Communications Commission (FCC):
- and AT&T, 27, 30, 81, 221
- and broadband, 159, 164
- and cable, 151–52
- and future of technology, 263
- and spectrum, 74, 75, 80–81, 218–21, 223–27, 244, 246
Federal Radio Commission (FRC), 73
Federal Trade Commission (FTC), 166
Feely, Pat, 234
Ferguson, Warren, 195, 196
fiber optic cable, 245
fiber optic technology, 29, 47
File Synchronization, 60–61, 66
film industry:
- concentrated ownership in, 117
- copyright law applied to, 3–4, 11, 200
- digital technology in, 9, 235
- distribution in, 119, 234
- DVD disks and, 188–90, 256
- education and, 235–36
- lawyers in control of, 4–5, 11
- production costs in, 8, 124
- and VCR, 195
filtering, 157, 184
Firefly, 133
firewalls, 172–73
First Amendment:
- and code layer, 112, 190
- Congress restricted by, 187
- copyrights as immune from, 198, 264
- free speech in, 116, 197–98, 224
- protest under, 93
First Year, The (film), 3
foreign attachments rule, 30
forking, 52, 67–68
Fourneaux, Henri, 108
Fox Studios, 181, 182
Frankfurter, Felix, 74–75
Franklin Benjamin, 206
FRC (Federal Radio Commission), 73
free, meanings of the word, 11, 12, 15, 20
free culture, 9–10
freedom:
- in the architecture, 35
- vs. communism, 12, 13
- in computer world, 52
- as constitutional question, 11
- at content layer, 50
- vs. control, 14–15, 97, 139
- as enhancing the social value of the controlled, 48
- of the press, 197
- of speech, 116, 140, 178–79, 184, 197–98, 224
- to tinker, 61, 68
Free Software Foundation, 12, 53–54, 59
Frost, Robert, 197
FTC (Federal Trade Commission), 166
Gates, Bill, 62–67, 206, 214
Gaynor, Mark, 89
General Public License (GPL), 44, 54, 59–60, 97, 185–86
geography, constraint of, 114
Gilder, George, 47–48, 83–84, 227–28, 232
Gilmore, John, 265
Gingrich, Newt, 118
GNU C Compiler (GCC), 54
GNU/Linux OS, 54–55, 56, 57, 60, 62, 69
GNU OS, 53–54
Gnutella, 137, 138
Goldsmith, Jack, 192
Gone with the Wind (Mitchell), 198–99
Gopher, 43
government:
- avoiding control by, 80–81
- commons created by, 45, 155
- control of, 14, 92, 93
- exclusive rights granted by, 7
- in open IP service, 176
- phone companies regulated by, 27, 30, 45, 81, 148, 161, 221
- spectrum controlled by, 73–76, 79–81, 83, 232, 246, 255
- spectrum hoarded by, 242
- see also Federal Communications Commission
GPL (General Public License), 44, 54, 59–60, 97, 185–86
graphical user interface (GUI) operating system, 62, 63
Guggenheim, Davis, 3–4
GUI-OS, 62, 63
Hamilton, Alexander, 265
Hand, Learned, 106
Hardin, Garrett, 22, 168, 175
hardware, code of, 35
Harry Fox Agency, 183
Hart, Michael, 123
Hartford Courant, 118
Hatch, Orrin G., 262–64, 267
Hayek, Friedrich von, 212
Hazlett, Thomas, 74, 75–76, 84, 218–19, 225, 229–30, 241
Heller, Michael, 214, 215
Hemingway, Ernest, 252–53
Hendricks, Dewayne, 80–81, 96
highways:
- access to, 14
- as commons, 20, 76–77, 87, 174–75, 244–46
- as end-to-end systems, 39
- as free resources, 12–13, 20, 228
- privatization of, 244
- production costs of, 13
- value of, 87, 173
history, access to, 13–14
Hollywood, see also film industry
home networks, 157–58
Hoover, Herbert, 73, 74
HTML (hypertext markup language), 41, 43, 57–58
HTML books, 122–23, 196–99
HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol), 41, 43
Huber, Peter, 227–28
Hughes, David, 79–81, 96, 223, 226
“Hush-a-Phone” device, 30
HyperCard, 42
hypertext, 42, 57
IBM:
- and Apache server, 69–70, 71
- and Linux, 69
- modular design in, 92
- and open code, 69–71
- OS/2 computers, 28, 65
IBM-compatible PCs, 13, 62, 65, 159, 189
icons, use of term, 60–61
iCraveTV, 190–92
ideas:
- copyright of, 98, 187
- expression of, 188
- free exchange of, 49, 94, 95
- nonrivalrous character of, 94
- taken for granted, 5, 13, 15
- as thinking power, 94
- world of, 116
iMac computers, 124
impact statement, need for, 211
infringement, contributory, 196
innovation:
- advantages to, 229
- and architecture, 35–36, 92, 139, 140, 162
- centralized control of, 32
- changes in the environment for, 236–37
- in commerce, 6, 10
- commons of, see also innovation commons
- cost of, 57, 162, 209–10
- and creativity, 10
- decentralization of, 85, 139–40
- defense of, 6
- in end-to-end networks, 36–37, 156
- entrepreneurial, 6
- in environment of minimal control, 140
- from experiments, 10
- freedom for, 11, 39, 139
- free resources as basis of, 12–15, 71, 76, 91, 156
- incentives for, 71, 203
- legal control of, 4, 32, 139
- licensing as deterrent to, 76, 216
- new and unimagined, 37
- old vs. new, 6, 199–201, 202–5, 236–39
- protection of, 253–54
- relocation of, 140–42
- in stupid networks, 38
- in technology, 5, 9–11, 48, 200
- in telecommunications, 45, 176
- tragedy of the commons in, 175–76, 177
innovation commons, 49
- at code layer, 58, 85, 103, 138, 167, 175
- e2e and, 36–37, 40–41, 48, 58, 147, 156, 210, 238–39
- Internet as, 23, 26, 40–41, 48, 85, 167, 175, 238–39, 266
Innovator’s Dilemma, The (Christensen), 89–91, 139, 210
Intel chip architecture, 62, 63, 66
Intel Corporation, 27
intellectual property:
- in the creative process, 203
- as property, 237
- protection of, 204, 217
intellectual property law, 7, 57, 97, 177, 187–88; see also copyright law; patent law
Internet:
- advertising on, 7
- and AOL Time Warner, 7, 163, 165
- architecture of, 7, 15, 16, 23, 35–37, 40, 44, 119, 135, 140, 210, 238, 264
- and AT&T, 154
- backbone providers to, 157
- birth of, 44–46, 148–49
- blocking access to, 184
- building control into, 156–58
- and cable broadband, 153–54, 155–58, 167
- capacity of, 46, 47, 229
- changes in, 7–8, 15, 16, 23, 25, 41, 46, 99, 135, 139, 140, 146, 156, 175, 176
- code layer of, 48, 49–50, 56, 138, 161
- as commons built on control layer, 176
- as communication system, 25
- connections made by, 7, 36, 41–42, 44, 48, 82, 130, 147–49
- constraints on, 175, 216–17
- copyright on, 98, 179–80, 190–92, 200, 216
- creativity in, 6, 9, 14, 23, 76
- dynamic content of, 137
- early promise of, 7, 14, 121
- as end-to-end network, 34–39, 48, 149, 156, 210
- entrepreneurs of, 6
- file sharing on, 157
- filtering on, 157, 184
- free resources of, 14–15, 40, 44, 48, 50, 56–57, 86–99, 254
- government-funded research for, 44, 45–46
- growth as open in, 37
- HTML books on, 122–23
- as innovation commons, 23, 26, 40–41, 48, 85, 167, 175, 238–39, 266
- layers of, 23, 25
- and mass media, 178–79, 200
- and Microsoft competition, 65–66
- name space for, 172
- network of, 26, 34, 147, 157–58
- neutral platform of, 10, 37, 91, 161, 167, 174, 175, 266
- new applications of, 40, 122
- new demand created by, 132–34
- old regime threatened by, 6, 16, 199–200
- on-line services of, 163
- P2P networks on, 134–37
- pornography on, 178–79, 184, 199
- protocols (IP) of, 35,36, 37, 41, 42, 48, 122, 176
- public domain and, 56
- search engines on, 137
- service providers (ISPs) for, 34, 82, 148, 157, 176, 246
- TCP/IP, 41, 56, 149, 248
- television content on, 162, 190–92
- threats to future of, 5–6
- trespass law and, 170
- unpredictability of, 7, 39–40, 88, 91
- vertical integration and, 165–66
- video limits on, 156–57, 158, 166
- weaknesses of, 46
- and wearable computing systems, 81–82
- Web as separate from, 41
- wires of, 26, 34–37, 44–46, 79, 148–49, 151–53, 167
- worldwide audience of, 181–82, 191
Internet Explorer, 41
inventions, see also patent law; patents
inverse commons, 68
IP (Internet protocols), 35, 36, 37, 41, 42, 48, 122, 176
IPSec technology, 173
IPv4 of IPv6 name space, 172
Isenberg, David, 38, 89–90
ISPs (Internet service providers), 34, 82, 148, 157, 176, 246
Jaffe, Adam, 206, 207
Jansson, Eddy, 184
Jaszi, Peter, 198
Java, 65, 264–65
jazz, 9, 13
Jefferson, Thomas, 94–95, 104, 206–7
jukeboxes, 109
jurisdiction, problems of, 185
Kahin, Brian, 213
Kapor, Mitch, 13, 35
Kennard, William, 80, 223
Kepler, Johannes, 13
Kingsbury, Nicholas C., 28
Kingsbury Commitment, 28–29
Kleinrock, Leonard, 31
knowledge, commons of, 49, 55, 57–58
Kozinski, Alex, 203–4
Kreig, Andrew, 118
Lamarr, Hedy, 79
Lange, David, 256
language, as nonrivalrous commons, 21
Law and Order in Cyberspace (Huber), 227–28
layers, 23–25
- content, 23
- logical (code), 23
- physical (wires), 23
- see also Benkler, Yochai; specific layers
liability rule, 110
licensing:
- compulsory right of, 109, 201, 255
- free software, 60
- GPL, 44, 54, 59–60, 97, 185–86
- innovation chilled by, 76, 216
- nature of, 59
- open source, 60, 67, 72, 97
- and patent law, 205, 210
- and spectrum, 73, 223–25
Lightman, Alex, 81–82, 222
Linux OS, 54–55, 56, 57, 60, 62, 69
Linux PCs, 189
Litman, Jessica, 4, 258–59
local area networks, 77
logical layer, see also code layer
Lotus 1-2-3, 13
lyric servers, 124–26
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 6
Macintosh, see also Apple Computer
McChesney, Robert, 117
McPherson, Isaac, 94
Madison Square Garden, New York, 24, 25
Madonna, 128
management theory, 89–91, 92
Maritz, Paul, 67
markets:
- as agent for control, 96, 151, 162, 165, 166
- competition in, 232
- constraints on, 114–15
- free, 71
- vs. government regulation, 12, 14, 75–76, 263
- incentives in, 71, 162
- linked to commons, 138, 228
- networks and, 46–47, 162
- power of, 159
- probable returns in, 90
- for spectrum, 75, 228, 231,232, 242
- unidentified or undeveloped, 90
Marx, Groucho, 13
Mattel Corporation, 184–86, 187, 188
mechanical reproduction right, 108–9
media:
- bias in, 118–19
- competition in, 119
- constraints on, 216
- content as separate in, 166
- distribution of, 119, 234
- homogeneity of output in, 118, 132
- Internet and, 178–79, 200
- ownership of, 116–19, 159, 173
- real-space, 132
- technology and, 116, 118
mercantilism, 71
Microsoft:
- code controlled by, 67, 263
- and competition, 28, 56, 63–66, 167, 267
- consent decree signed by, 64–65
- as dominant in computer industry, 27
- and DOS, 62–66
- government lawsuit against, 61–68, 246, 262, 264
- innovation killed by, 62
- Internet Explorer of, 41
- and Mac OS, 90–91
- monopoly position of, 64, 65, 66–67
- MSN of, 183
- on open code values, 57
- and software patents, 206, 214
- and Windows, 28, 62–66
Minix, 54
Mitchell, Margaret, 198–99
mobile devices, connections of PCs and, 81
modularity, 92
monopoly:
- antitrust laws and, 67
- and AT&T, 28, 29, 30, 32, 148
- benefits of, 29, 30, 175
- and cable television, 152, 153
- centralized control of innovation in, 32
- in closed societies, 250
- control built into, 32, 175
- as exclusive right, 58
- of a malevolent giant, 91–92
- and Microsoft, 64, 65, 66–67
- power over the community in, 87, 216
- state-backed, 71, 205–7, 211, 212, 215–16, 242, 250
Moody, Glyn, 56
Motion Picture Association, 185
Mouse, Mickey, 107
MP3, 123–24, 125, 192–94, 201
my.mp3.com, 127–29, 133, 192
Napster and, 130–32, 194–95
MS-DOS, 62, 63, 64, 65
MSN, 183
MUDs (multi-user domains), 163
Mueller, Milton, 28
Murphy, Frank, 75
music:
- access to, 128, 131
- album sales, 200
- availability of, 7, 13, 111
- breaking into, 134
- capital markets in, 201
- compulsory licensing rights to, 109
- concentrated ownership of, 117
- copies of, 130, 181
- copyright law applied to, 3, 192–94, 254–55
- digital composition of, 8–9, 96
- distribution of, 119, 123–24, 127–29, 131, 200–202
- growth of, 199–200
- on jukeboxes, 109
- lyric servers in, 124–26
- MP3, 123–24, 125, 192–94, 201
- my.mp3.com, 127–29, 133, 192
- Napster and, see also Napster
- new forms of, 9
- in noncommercial broadcasting, 109
- OLGA, 182–83
- ownership of the artist in, 128
- piano rolls, 108–9, 254
- production of, 127
- unregulated, 8
my.mp3.com, 127–29, 133, 192
Napster, 130–32, 194–96, 201, 254
- and album sales, 200
- bandwidth used by, 138
- court shutdown of, 264, 265
- firewalls against use of, 172–73
- Hatch’s views on, 262–63
- as P2P technology, 135, 194, 258
National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA), 55
National Parks Service, 231
National Research Council (NRC), 34–35, 40, 165–66, 176
Native American tribes, as sovereign nations, 81
NATs (network access technologies), 171–72
Naughton, John, 32, 33
navigable waterways, 87
NBC, and spectrum allocation, 74
NCSA Server, 55
Negroponte switch, 243
Net, see also Internet
Netscape Corporation, 55, 65
Netscape Navigator, 41
network access technologies (NATs), 171–72
network design, principles of, 34–35
networks:
- access to, 34, 45, 155, 171–72, 244–46
- ATM design of, 149
- built by communities, 162
- closed, 162
- collision on, 77
- control of, 150–51, 156–58
- data transport provided by, 35, 36, 40
- end-to-end argument for, 34–39, 156
- Ethernet, 77–78, 231
- government monopoly of, 242
- home, 157–58
- incentives to build, 174
- intelligence located in, 34
- linking of, 147–49
- local area, 77
- market influences on, 46–47, 162
- neutral platforms of, 37, 45, 61, 161
- as open resource, 45, 61, 88
- organization models for, 167
- P2P, 134–137, 159, 194, 258
- real options theory applied to, 89
- smart, 38
- speed of, 47
- stupid, 38
- vertical integration in, 165–66
- wires of, 26
neutral platforms:
- increasing controls vs., 175
- of Internet, 10, 37, 91, 161, 167, 174, 175, 266
- of networks, 37, 45, 61, 161
- of open code, 72, 246–49
- public benefits of, 168
Newton, Harry, 38
Newton, Sir Isaac, 13
Noam, Eli, 219, 226, 231
noise, communities built by, 133
nonexclusive rights, 86
nonrivalrous resources:
- nature of, 21, 58, 94–95, 115–16
- need for creation of, 95, 96
- system of control for, 95–96
norms:
- control via, 96, 146, 151
- protection by, 58, 161, 167, 170
NRC (National Research Council), 34–35, 40, 165–66, 176
object code, 50
old vs. new, 6, 16, 139, 145–46, 199–201, 202–5, 212, 236–39, 265
OLGA, 182–83
1-Click technology, 211
on-line bulletin boards, 79–80
on-line communities, 162–63
on-line services, 147–48, 163
open access movement, 164, 165
open source licenses, 60, 67, 72, 97
operating systems (OS):
- built on open code, 68, 247
- common platform of, 51
- DOS, 62–66
- free, 52
- GNU, 53–54
- GNU/Linux, 54–55, 56, 57, 60, 62, 69
- GUI, 62, 63
- IBM OS/2, 28, 65
- incompatibility of, 51
- licensing of, 60
- Mac OS, 60–61, 63, 90–91
- as nonrivalrous resource, 96
- Unix, 51–52
Oracle, 208
Oram, Andy, 137
O’Reilly, Tim, 210–11
Osterman, Jack, 32
Ostrom, Elinor, 95
overconsumption, prevention of, 22
P2P networks, 134–37, 159, 194, 258
packet-switching technology, 31–34, 40, 46, 79, 157
Parker, Sean, 130
parks:
- as commons, 19, 20, 21, 87
- as free resource, 13, 20
patches, 55–56
Patel, Marilyn Hall, 196
patent bar, 211–12
patent law, 205–15
- as barrier to idea theft, 211
- and content layer, 259–61
- damages under, 260
- duration and scope of, 207–8, 212–13, 214, 216, 259
- “holdup problem” of, 214
- innovation affected by, 205, 206, 209–11, 214
- and licensing, 205, 210
- and litigation, 213
- progress as goal of, 205
- reform of, 260–61
- as state-backed monopoly, 205–7, 211, 212
- technological competition and, 206
Patent Office, U.S., 207, 208, 213, 259–61
patents:
- on algorithms, 207–8
- as anticommons, 214–15
- of AT&T, 27
- on business procedures, 207, 208–9, 210
- Congress and, 207, 259
- costs of, 213
- Franklin on, 206
- Jefferson on, 94–95, 104, 206–7
- limited rights of, 71
- nature of, 212
- power of, 94–95
- on software, 206, 207–8, 213, 214
- Supreme Court and, 207
- transaction costs of, 210
Patterson, L. Ray, 258
PC-DOS, 62
Peacefire.org, 184
peer-to-peer (P2P) networks, 134–37, 159, 194, 258
Perl, 56
permission:
- absence of need for, 20
- granting of, 11
- necessity of, 12
- neutral granting of, 12, 20
physical layer, 23–25
- access to, 138
- in the arts, 110–11
- changes in, 240–46
- of computer-communications architecture, 113
- control at, 110–11, 238
- creativity at, 110–11
- free spectrum at, 86, 241–44; see also spectrum
- innovation at, 103
- wires of, see also wires
physics, different, 104
piano rolls, 108–9, 254
Pitofsky, Robert, 166
plasticity, 39
Platt, Charles, 176
player pianos, 108–9
poetry:
- new forms of, 9
- new markets for, 126
Poetry Daily, 126
policy-based routing, 156
pornography, 178–79, 184, 199
Posner, Richard, 202–3
preference matching engines, 133–34
press, freedom of, 197
Prince, The (Machiavelli), 6
privacy, loss of, 133, 140, 213
Prodigy, 147–48
production:
- consumption vs., 13
- costs of, 7, 8, 13–14, 124, 203
- incentives for, 14, 21, 71, 95, 97, 203, 241
- of music, 127
Project Gutenberg, 123
property:
- control of, 22, 170–71
- as exhaustible resource, 230
- incentives to produce, 97, 203, 241
- intellectual, 7, 57, 97, 177, 187–88, 203, 204, 217, 237
- open to the public, 86, 228
- and prosperity, 5
- protection of, 20, 187, 236–37
- with public interest, 87
- resources as, 13
- scope of, 6, 11, 94
- trespass on, 170
property right, exercise of, 20
property rule, 110
protocols:
- “Bluetooth,” 81
- 802.11b, 81
- HTML, 41, 43, 57
- HTTP, 41, 43
- open and free, 57
- for sharing resources, 97
- TCP/IP, 41, 56, 149, 248
- see also IP
public domain:
- free content in, 20, 50, 106, 108, 110, 123, 177, 196, 256
- Internet protocols in, 56
- scope of, 8
publicity, right of, 203
publishing industry, see also books
Quality of Service (QoS) solutions, 46–47
radio:
- commercials on, 74
- early programming on, 74
- noncommercial broadcasting, 109
- smart, 78
- software-defined, 242
Radio Act (1912), 73
Radio Act (1927), 73
radio spectrum, 218–26
- allocation of, 74, 218–21, 227, 229, 233
- amateur use of, 225
- AM stations, 242
- community-owned, 223–24
- concentrated ownership of, 117, 159
- FCC and, 74, 218–21, 223–27, 244, 246
- FM stations, 223–25, 232
- and freedom of speech, 224
- nature of, 73–75
- as property, 225–26, 229
- social value in, 227
- technical interference with, 225
- transmission on, 79
- see also spectrum
radio waves, 73
Randall, Alice, 198–99, 202
Rand Corporation, 26
rap music, 9
Raymond, Eric, 68
RCA, 234
Real Audio, 127
real options theory, 89
real space, 15
- barriers to innovation in, 120, 138
- vs. cyberspace, 103–4, 121, 181, 182
- friction of, 181, 183
- law of, 181, 199
- media in, 132
Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), 130, 192–96, 200, 215
recordings, see also music
Red Hat, 213
Reed David P., 34, 35, 37, 38, 39–40, 77, 90
regulator, and target for influence, 74
relativity, Einstein’s theory of, 12, 14, 20, 21
Reno v. ACLU, 179, 180, 265
resources:
- access to, 13–14
- clear use of, 89
- community relationships to, 21
- depletion of, 21–22, 95, 96–97
- as foundation to participation in society, 93
- free vs. controlled, 11–15, 22, 44, 47, 48, 69, 71, 86–99, 156, 228
- incentive for production of, 14, 71, 95
- “in common,” 19–21, 86–99
- privatization of, 227, 244
- production costs of, 13
- protocols for sharing of, 97
- real cost of, 120
- recreational, 20
- rivalrous vs. nonrivalrous, 21, 87, 95–97, 115–16
- scarcity of, 75
- state vs. market control of, 12, 75–76, 228
- unfair capture of, 87
- unknown applications of, 88–89
- unused, 230
- value of, 87–88
RFC 1958, 36–37, 40
Rheingold, Howard, 136
RIAA (Recording Industry Association of America), 130, 192–96, 200, 215
Ritchie, Dennis, 51–52, 55
rivalrous resources:
- depletion of, 21–22
- nature of, 21, 95, 115–16
- need for control of, 95, 115
Road Runner, 154
roads, see also highways
Robertson, Michael, 127–28, 133, 201
Rose, Carol, 13, 20, 86, 87–88, 96
Rosen, Hilary, 200, 215
RSA Labs, 136
Rubinfeld, Daniel, 166
rules, control via, 151
Saltzer, Jerome, 34, 37, 38, 156
satellite TV, 153
scarcity:
- and control, 47
- economics of, 103, 115
search engines, 137
“sendmail,” 56
servers:
- centralized, 131
- competition among, 82
- open code projects, 56
- patches to, 55–56
- restrictions on, 157
- use of term, 55
- Web, 41, 56, 134
- see also ISPs
SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence), 135
Shapiro, Carl, 214
Shavell, Stephen, 205
Simpsons, The, 180, 181, 182
Singer, Hal, 166
Skala, Matthew, 184
Smith, Adam, 71
software:
- on business methods, 208–9
- code of, 35
- commons of, 49, 69, 85
- content protection in, 11, 59, 252–53
- copyright of, 252–53
- development of, 70
- Free Software Foundation, 12, 53–54, 59
- host “IMP,” 36
- licensing of, 59–60
- open code of, 51, 59, 68–69
- patents on, 206, 207–8, 213, 214
- restrictions on copying of, 59
- shrink-wrapped licenses with, 185–86
- source carried with, 53, 55
Somers, Daniel, 158
Sony, 195, 196
source code, 50, 60, 67, 72
Soviet Union, collapse of, 145–46
Speakers’ Corner, London, 24, 25
spectrum, 73–84, 218–33
- access to, 80–83, 161–62, 232–33, 241, 244
- allocation of, 76–77
- auction of, 75, 225–27, 231–32
- bottom-up sharing of, 78–79
- as commons, 83, 84, 86, 221–22, 228–30, 241–44
- competition in use of, 222, 232, 245
- congestion in, 241
- cost of, 231
- digital processors on, 79
- DOCSIS standard for, 153–54, 161–62
- dual strategy for, 242
- government control of, 73–76, 79–81, 83, 232, 246, 255
- government hoarding of, 242
- innovation in use of, 84
- licensing of, 73, 223–25
- managing policies of, 232
- market for, 75, 228, 231, 232, 242
- nature of, 73–75
- as nonrivalrous resource, 230, 231
- optimal use of, 231
- overlay of, 76
- pollution of, 242–43
- as property, 221, 242
- radio, see also radio spectrum
- as rivalrous resource, 230–31
- shared resources of, 76, 78–79, 96, 219–20, 230–31
- spread, 76, 80
- sunk cost in, 232
- tragedy of the commons in, 229
- unlicensed, 82–83, 226, 244
- unused, 230
- wireless, 82, 154, 161–62
speech, freedom of, 116, 140, 178–79, 184, 197–98, 224
spiders, 168–71
spreadsheet, 13
spread spectrum, 76, 80
Sprint, 38
Stallman, Richard, 12, 52–54, 59, 69, 208, 213, 267
Starbucks coffee shops, 70
Story, Joseph, 198
storytelling, creativity in, 8, 9
streaming technologies, 127, 137
streaming video, 156–57, 158, 159, 190–91
subsidiarity, 121
Supreme Court, U.S.:
- on copyright law, 105–6, 108, 109, 195–96, 197
- on patent law, 207
- on sovereignty of Native American tribes, 81
- on spectrum regulation, 74–75, 255
Sykes, Alan, 192
synchronicity, 10
Tannenbaum, Andrew, 54
TCP/IP, 41, 56, 149, 248
technology:
- “ah-ha,” 130
- balance of control vs. freedom in, 99, 201–2
- changes in, 176
- competition in, 206, 214
- compression, 123
- control of, 232, 234
- controls imposed via, 96–97, 140
- costs of, 113
- digital, 7–9
- disruptive change of, 89–90, 91–92, 146, 175
- distributed, 136
- experimentation in, 10
- falling costs of, 7, 8
- innovation in, 5, 9–11, 48, 200
- for local control, 192
- and markets, 114–15
- and media outlets, 116, 118
- new, congressional dealings with, 108–10, 190
- possible but not profitable, 48
- potential for, 10, 263
- probable returns of, 90
- progress in, 5
- protection by, 256
- retrofitting by, 139
- scarcity of, 47
- streaming, 127, 137
- unpredictable future uses of, 39
- wireless, 82
- see also specific technology
telecommunications:
- alternative systems of, 31–34
- and Communications Act, 155
- end-to-end network in, 149–51
- government intervention in, 27, 45, 81, 148, 161, 221
- innovation in, 45, 176
- research in, 29–30
- wires of, 26–34, 45–48, 88, 147, 148–49, 152, 154–55, 163–64
telephone system:
- AT&T, 24, 26–34, 44, 62
- Bell system of, 27
- and birth of the Internet, 44–46, 148–49
- circuit-switching technology for, 33
- competition in, 27, 28–29, 32–33, 158
- DSL in, 154–55, 248
- independents in, 28
- innovation in, 30
- Internet wired to, 44–48
- layers of, 24, 25
- modems connected to, 45
- packet-switching technology for, 31–34, 46
- patents of, 27
- security of, 26–27, 31–34
- selective interconnection in, 28, 29
- universal service in, 28
- wires of, 147, 148–49, 152, 154–55
television:
- and AOL Time Warner, 7
- cable, see also cable television
- competition and, 132
- freedoms in, 111, 112
- and iCraveTV, 190–92
- and Internet content, 162, 190–92
- pay-per-view, 153
- satellite TV, 153
- as spectrum guzzler, 243
- and VCR, 195
- wires of, 152
Thompson, Ken, 51–52, 55
Time Warner, AOL merger with, 7, 164–66, 267
Titanic, 73
Tonga, high-speed Internet access in, 80–81
Torvalds, Linus, 54–55, 57, 62
town square, as commons, 87
trademark law, 204–5
tragedy of the commons, 22, 23, 48, 168
- in innovation, 175–76, 177
- in spectrum, 229
transaction costs, 210
transistor, invention of, 29
transparency, nature of, 71
trespass:
- by bots, 169–70
- classic definition of, 170
Turner, Ted, 152
Twelve Monkeys (film), 4 2001, 196
uncertainty:
- and free vs. controlled resources, 88–89
- plasticity and, 39
Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act (UCITA), 257
United States v. Microsoft, 61–68, 246, 262, 264
Unix operating system, 51–52
- BSD Unix, 53, 67
- command line interface of, 62
- as commons, 52, 54
- GNU and, 53–54
- licensing of, 53
USENET, 96
Vaidhyanathan, Siva, 202
Valenti, Jack, 195
value, dimensions of, 93
VCR, 195
Verser, Rocke, 136
vertical integration, 165–66, 176
video:
- development of, 234
- digital forms of, 96
- limits on, 156–57, 158, 166
- streaming, 156–57, 158, 159, 190–91
- VCR, 195
VisiCalc, 13
Vixie, Paul, 56
volunteerism, essential, 56
Walker, Jay, 212, 267
Wall, Larry, 56
Walzer, Michael, 93
Wayner, Peter, 60, 68, 213
Web, see also World Wide Web
WebSphere, 70
Western Union, 29
Wheel of Fortune, 203
White, Vanna, 203–4
wideband technologies, 76, 78
Wind Done Gone, The (Randall), 198–99
Windows, 28, 62–66, 189
wired, use of term, 49, 178
Wired magazine, 49
wireless, see also spectrum
wires, 26–48
- of AOL, 163–64
- constraints from, 47
- control of, 26, 147–76
- end-to-end design, 34–44, 46, 88, 156
- fiber optic cable, 245
- government-created commons on, 45, 155
- of Internet, 26, 34–37, 44–46, 79, 148–49, 151–53, 167
- monopoly control of, 32
- network connections on, 26
- neutrality of, 149
- as physical layer, 23–25
- as property, 241
- Quality of Service solutions, 46–47
- as rivalrous resource, 96
- sharing of, 33
- of telecommunications system, 26–34, 45–48, 88, 147, 148–49, 152, 154–55, 163–64
- and voice call vs. Internet use, 148
woods, cathal, 183
WordPerfect, 262
World Wide Web:
- auction sites on, 169
- audience of, 181–82, 191
- bots of, 169–71, 182
- browsers on, 41, 43, 134
- code layer of, 57, 85
- core protocols for, 56
- denial of service attack on, 169
- emergence of, 41–44, 134
- as fantasy, 7
- HTML as mark-up language of, 57–58
- HTML books on, 122–23
- indexing of, 168–69
- interconnectivity in, 43
- Internet as separate from, 41
- many-to-many publishing of, 88
- open architecture of, 169, 170
- as “out of control,” 37
- patent law and, 213
- pornography on, 184
- potential for, 182
- privacy on, 213
- programming language for, 56
- search engines of, 169–71, 182
- spiders in, 168–71
- as universal resource, 37, 44
- Web servers on, 41, 56, 134
writers:
- as authors, 111, 204
- royalty expenses of, 203
Wu, Tim, 47–48
WWW, see also World Wide Web
Xerox PARC, 235–36
Yahoo!, 28, 167, 169, 183
Young, Bob, 213
Zittrain, Jonathan, 129, 130